The 180° rule is a basic guideline in film making that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line. The new shot, from the opposite side, is known as a reverse angle.
In professional productions, the applied 180° rule is an essential element for a style of film editing called continuity editing. The rule is not always obeyed. Sometimes a filmmaker will purposely break the line of action in order to create disorientation.
For example in Batman The Dark Knight, the director breaks the rule during batman and the joker's conversation. At first the joker is on the right hand of the screen and Batman is on the left, but after while they switch. This is done to show the audience that both characters are insane and that they do not stick to the rules. This is confirmed by the joker when he states that he will make batman break the rules tonight.
Here is the scene
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